A Research On The Nursing Field - 1716 Words

Hey you LPN, Can you get the nurse I have a question to ask them? A common phrase heard in the nursing world and often makes the LPN feel inadequate and frustrated. The nursing field is one that is rich in history and diversity. The registered nurse has been the backbone of the nursing world for many years; however, many people recognize the license practical nurse or license vocational nurse particularly in the geriatric community. LPN/LVN in this setting perform many of the same tasks as the RN, yet is paid less and given much less respect. The LPN makes up the majority of the workforce when working in the geriatric rehabilitation setting and deserves to be treated as equals with the RN. The Scope of Practice, education given to both†¦show more content†¦To a large degree, this was because the RN had more training and is accepted to be educated than the LPN, however many LPNs with experience and additional education are often significantly better nurses. It is often highl y recognized that nursing is a profession based on experience and knowledge. Often the knowledge is gained from experience thus the skilled nurse is one with a significant amount of experience. Today much of nursing is based on evidenced based practices, which is performing procedures and tasks based on what is known will produce the greatest positive outcome (Jyothi, 2012). The next part of understanding why the LPN should be treated equally with their counterpart the RN, understanding the differences in scopes of practice. This paper will specifically be referring to the Florida scope of practice, largely in part due to personal experience and the huge LPN population in Florida. According to LPN.com (2014), there are approximately 43,350 working LPN in the state of Florida. LPN s as previously reported are the backbone of the geriatric population, and Florida has nearly 20 million people over 60, or 23 percent(ADRC, 2017). The LPN scope of practice in Florida differs in many ways to the RN. The RN is responsible for the initial assessment of the patient (FBON, 2005), however often when caring for this population, the patient is often being seen in the past for similar orShow MoreRelatedA Research On The Field Of Nursing880 Words   |  4 PagesSometimes all a sick child wants is his or her parent, and all a parent wants is a good nurse. I have chos en to pursue a career in the field of nursing, with a focus in pediatrics. Pediatrics is branch of medical care dealing with matters related to children. It is the responsibility of a registered nurse in any field to ensure that quality assurance procedures are precisely applied and followed during all phases of patient care. Quality assurance procedures are deliberate procedures that haveRead MoreFocused Clincal Research Questions in the Field of Nursing Essay904 Words   |  4 PagesFocused Clinical Research Questions Discovering new information applicable to the field of nursing begins by asking a focused clinical research question. According to Stone (2002), asking the appropriate question is essential for the research process that follows. Although there are countless nursing problems that are worth investigating, it is imperative to narrow the focus of the problems so they can be empirically tested (Adams, 2012). Personal clinical experience, professional literature, previousRead MoreThe Importance Of Nurses Reading And Critiquing Research About The Nursing Field1854 Words   |  8 Pagespurpose of nurses reading and critiquing research about the nursing field is to gain a better understanding of the research topic and to evaluate if this research will be effective in every day practice. Nursing is always evolving and changing, so it is important to keep up to date research on certain methods and practices used in the healthcare field. Article Summary Infection control and precautions is a major aspect when working in the health care field. Nurses and all other healthcare professionalsRead MoreChronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ( Copd )1396 Words   |  6 Pagesmanages it. Medical researchers have conducted novel research to observe the effectiveness of smoking cessation on COPD patients, while some have summarized and analyzed previous research to recommend involvement of nurses in intervention programs. The main aim of research in this field is to measure the severity of the disease and analyze the possible effective ways of reducing the harsh effects of smoking in COPD patients. Research in this field also draws scholarships from broad topics like useRead MoreGrand Theory Critique1369 Words   |  6 Pagesrealm of nursing. Orlando was born in 1926 and had a diverse nursing career which involved many titles and roles within the profession. Originally she received her diploma of nursing in 1947 at the New York Medical Col lege. Over the years Orlando continued her education and in 1954 earned her Master’s degree in mental health consultation from Columbia University. Orlando worked as a staff nurse in many different areas of nursing and as a graduate of a Master’s program participated in research at YaleRead MoreUnderstanding The Need For Nursing Informatics1393 Words   |  6 Pages Understanding the Need for Nursing Informatics Brandon R. Pascual El Camino Collegeâ€Æ' Abstract Nursing is a very diverse discipline. At present, the science of nursing continues to have major advancements through the use of technology. It plays an important role in education and nursing work (Darvish, A., et al., 2014). The need to study the role of nurses and highlight appropriate information technology (IT) education programs to integrate with the ever increasing pace of scientific andRead MoreGender Differences Between Associate And Baccalaureate Degree Levels1639 Words   |  7 Pages While the nursing field continues to flourish in today’s job market,it is also experiencing a massive shortage. Despite this alarming fact, according to Buerhaus (2008): â€Å" Of the estimated 2.24 million RNs in the nursing workforce in 2006, 200,000 were men (8%)† (p. 2424). In order to alleviate the nursing shortage, nursing schools must allure men into the field by eliminating the feminization of the profession and appealing to a diverse demographic who choose to pursue a career in a femaleRead MoreHistory of Nursing595 Words   |  3 PagesUniversity of Phoenix Material History of Nursing Research Worksheet There have been many influential publications, agencies, and people in the field of nursing research. Write 1–3 sentences in each cell of the table below to describe the importance, goal, or influence of each item. |Publications |First publication date and importance: | |Nursing Research |Firstpublished:1952Read MoreGender Differences Between Associate And Baccalaureate Degree Levels1637 Words   |  7 Pages While the nursing field continues to flourish in today’s job market,it is also experiencing a massive shortage. Despite this alarming fact, according to Buerhaus (2008): â€Å" Of the estimated 2.24 million RNs in the nursing workforce in 2006, 200,000 were men (8%)† (p. 2424). In order to alleviate the nursing shortage, nursing schools must allure men into the field by eliminating the feminization of the profession and appealing to a diverse demographic who choose to pursue a career in a female dominatedRead MoreRecent Changes in the Nursing Profession Essay813 Words   |  4 PagesThere have been many changes (major and minor) in the nursing profession and the medical field, as a whole, over the years. Some of these changes include changing demographics and increasing diversity, tec hnological explosion, the cost of health care, and significant advances in nursing science and research. Major socioeconomic changes created this drive to make transformations in nursing and institutions. These institutions are the ones that are responsible for educating the next generation of nurses

Interview With My Interview Paper - 929 Words

For my interview paper, I decided to talk to my neighbor Rebecca Schwartz, who I have known for 14 years. I decided to interview her because she was an early education teacher for infants and toddlers and has experience working with an entire classroom of students with disabilities as well as experience working with a classroom with only one student with a disability. I wanted to gain insight on her experiences teaching a classroom with only one student with a disability, while the remaining classroom was non-disabled students. I would like to talk about Tyler, a deaf student with Down syndrome, and Rebecca’s experience working with him. When I first sat down with Rebecca to ask her a few questions, she seemed super excited, wanting to tell me all her stories and experiences working with Tyler. The first thing she shared with me was how much she loved working as a teacher, stating â€Å"my favorite part working as a teacher for infants and toddlers were all the hugs and kisse s I received from the children. They all showed me so much affection, always running to me when they would come into the classroom first thing in the morning.† She has always wanted to work with children ever since she could remember. She considers teaching as her passion. Rebecca thought for a moment, and then recalled a day she describes as being â€Å"different.† She had past experiences working with a class of students with disabilities as well as with a class with no students with disabilities, but thisShow MoreRelatedFor The Purpose Of This Paper, I Decided To Interview My1849 Words   |  8 PagesFor the purpose of this paper, I decided to interview my cousin Amanda. She is a 35-year-old Caucasian woman. She grew up in the small town of Columbus, which is about 45 minutes south of Indianapolis. Columbus has a population of around 4,500 people. It was a small, safe, clean town that Amanda loved to grow up in. She now lives in Indianapolis and is the Red bull sale s representative for the Midwest. However, what makes her interesting is that she is a 35-year-old woman who is not married or hasRead MoreEffectiveness Of Academic Writing On Research Writing1732 Words   |  7 Pagesstudy. Research paper is one of the writing that students will encounter in their major classes. In my past Child Development class, especially CHDV 123 writing research paper was required in the class. After writing the literature review about observation and how the observer have to be sure that the information he or she present have to be valid, it made me think about credibility in research writing which help me develop my research question. Furthermore, with the research paper, we as studentsRead MoreA Critical Analysis Of Interview Data790 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"A Critical Analysis of Interview Data, it’s Role in Qualitative Research, and the Data Collection Analysis of the Main Data Source † Qualitative research can be conducted using multiple sources of data such as observational, documentary, and interview data. This paper will evaluate the role of interview data within qualitative research; as well as discuss come of the key characteristics of the processes of data collection and analysis when interviews are used as the main source of data. WithinRead MoreHealthcare Interview Essay1046 Words   |  5 PagesHealth Care Interview Paper Tannish Billingsley, Student at Devry University HSM: 410 May 20, 2012 Becky Gilliland, DR. / Professor at Devry University Health Care Interview Paper The interview paper that I will be presenting will be on three separate generations for learning information on health care before and present. The three people used in the interview paper are Gussie B.Godfrey my grandmother, Grace Pettigrew my mother and Keta D.Hayes my daughter and my intents are to shareRead MoreMy Experience With Parenting And Home Schooling1642 Words   |  7 Pagesfocus of this paper is to talk about my experience with learning about qualitative research method and design, engaging participants through a research interviewing and obtaining information about the participants’ live experiences and transcribing the data (Caswell, 2007).To interview the participant, I formulated the research problem; what is your experience with parenting and home schooling. I generated research open-ended research interview questions for a one and one interview with the participantRead MoreAnalysis Of Vampiress In Media1109 Words   |  5 Pagesand analyzing th is piece, it is safe to say that this interview is an absolutely abysmal attempt to inform readers of vampires in media due to its poor organization, lack of intrinsic value, and overall lifeless atmosphere. Each paragraph took significant effort to analyze and each page a near carbon copy of the others .If such a reading was not assigned, I would never continue to read after a quick glance. If McGrath were to refine the interview, many people would be drawn towards the article insteadRead MoreJob Interview At The United States1491 Words   |  6 Pagesprepare me to conduct an affective and articulate job interview. Present day, the U.S. Military has implemented an extensive job interview process, with the goal of selecting qualified individuals for vital roles within our government. The job interview project opened my eyes to a world of preparation and focus that I never knew existed. In this paper, I prepare a job-interview strategy, identifying a few character traits that are the foundation of my being, and then link these traits to memorable lifeRead MoreImproving Elderly Peoples Quality Of Life Through Occupational Therapy1676 Words   |  7 PagesSummary: The aim of my research project was to find how to improve elderly people’s quality of life through occupational therapy (OT). I had chosen this topic because my elderly grandparents were undertaking the acquisition of OT services, and I wanted to use the research project to improve their experience. I used three main primary sources to gain insight into elderly problems; two questionnaires, for the elderly, and OTs, to gain information from both parties, and I interviewed an OT to gain aRead MoreA Research Study On Learning Experience1550 Words   |  7 Pagesto her, multilingual students seemed to perform better in their education and had higher mathematical ability. I wanted to investigate this claim further; I was also completing Russian Stage 2 at that moment, and found that the topic was relevant to my personal experiences. The question was narrowed down into a more specific topic over the next few weeks by beginning the research and seeing what the current existing research shows about the question. This was effective as it allowed me to make theRead MoreIs This Real Life : The Untold Story Of Queen1614 Words   |  7 Pagesaddresses the life of the four members of Queen while at work and within their everyday life. The book utilizes one-on-one interviews with important people in Queen’s success such as former producers and managers as well as people who had personal relationships with the four men, such as family members and previous boyfriends and girlfriends. This source will be very valuable for my paper as it is written by an expert and provides a wide variety of information pertaining to the band. It will be a useful

Data Link Case Study Free Essays

The Importance of Data Link Communication in Aviation Matthew D. Palmer Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University Abstract This paper explores the importance of data link communication in aviation. The importance of these systems and their positive outcomes to the aviation world are also covered. We will write a custom essay sample on Data Link Case Study or any similar topic only for you Order Now Authorities such as the Federal Aviation Administration, EuroControl, and military departments will be used to show different aspects of data links importance. The importance of each department and its specific use of data link systems is defined and elaborated on. Though each specific department varies its use of the system, the aviation world is becoming safer as they progress their programs. The importance of Data Link Communication in Aviation Numerous studies have been conducted on the importance of data link communication and its application in aviation transportation. These studies are international and include all regions of airspace on the planet. Data link programs have proven effective in the areas of safety, efficiency, and military applications. Data link communication is the means of connecting one location to another for the purpose of transmitting and receiving information. The aircraft flight management system gathers important flight information and transmits this information to ATC. This information is called a downlink. Once the information is organized by ground controllers, it sends navigation information to the aircraft to provide weather information and a safe flight path to its destination. This is called an uplink. Data link systems use a program called ACARS to send information. ACARS is a digital data system using the aircrafts VHF radio to communicate with operators using bursts of data. The aviation world is quickly expanding with growth and technological advancement. Data link systems have proven highly effective in increasing safety for airlines, air cargo operations, defense aviation, and leisure aviation. Safety is an immense priority for all aviation authorities. Data link systems have the ability to send information to pilots without worrying about interfering static, high communication volume, or dead spots. The system is ergonomically designed to be user friendly. Data is easily accessible and has a simultaneous send rate. As data link systems progress, they’re creating a more efficient way to travel or transport via aviation. Organizations such as EuroControl have already started using data link systems for their efficiency. EUROCONTROL’s mission is to harmonize and integrate air navigation services in Europe, aiming at the creation of a uniform air traffic management (ATM) system for civil and military users, in order to achieve the safe, secure, orderly, expeditious and economic flow of traffic throughout Europe, while minimizing adverse environmental impact. (SkyBrary, 2012) Now that flight plans are more closely monitored, EuroControl can set navigation plans in a â€Å"straight-line† formation. This will greatly save the airlines fuel, money, and travel time to and from destinations. Military organizations of the world also greatly rely on data link communication. By using encrypted data link messages, ground controllers can easily identify if an aircraft is an enemy or ally. Certain military data link applications such as Blue Force Tracker, and Hawklink, are used by NATO forces to send and interpret classified flight information. Pilots using Blue Force Tracker are able to send messages to ground controllers and other aircraft through an electronic knee board. The CDL Hawklink solution is a high speed, air-to-surface, digital data link that transmits data, imagery, electronic support measures, communications, and radar information gathered by the helicopter’s sensors to be multiplexed and transmitted in excess of 100 nm, at a rate of 10. 71 and 21. 42 megabits per second, to the host ship via the Ku-band link. (Harris Aviation, 2012). Both of these systems are extremely effective to their users while conducting combat operations. In conclusion, data link programs have proven effective in the areas of safety, efficiency, and military applications. As these programs continue to advance, ground controllers can help reduce the frequency of potential accidents and incidents. References European Organization for the Safety of Air Navigation. (2012). retrieved September 30 2012, from http://www. skybrary. com Web Site: http://www. skybrary. com. aero/index. php/EUROCONTROL Ku-band Tactical Common Data Link (TCDL) Hawklink System—MH-60R LAMPS Helicopter. (2012). Retrieved September 30, 2012, from http://www. govcomm. harris. com Web Site: http://www. govcomm. harris. com/solutions/products/000074. asp How to cite Data Link Case Study, Free Case study samples

Information Management Issues in a Business

Question: Concise Analysis of Information Management issues in a business or an organization. Answer: The author works for an online ecommerce company. The company is all about selling products online; there are some sellers or vendors in our online company store who showcase their products in our website and users book them through online and buy it using various payment methods. The primary goal of the organization is to provide a better, hassle-free and user-friendly environment to our employees and customers, to easily purchase things online without any technical issues. We need that our the present information system that we have needs to work properly which means that there are some following things we want that the system should perform adequately to serve our customer, and the customer and vendor also can trust our company with their information (Stair Reynolds, 2013). There are some following things that we need that our information system to do it efficiently and more and they are: Capable of performing an uninterrupted user-interface experience. Reducing the communication gap between the employees and the customers. The Information system needs to keep clients and vendor product data safe and secure. The payment transaction has to be safe and secure. The organizational chart has been presented in below figure 1 for the author ecommerce company the entire corporate central and sub-departments are mentioned. Figure 1: Ecommerce Organizational Chart (Source: Barnes Hunt, 2013) To maintain the infrastructure, we need to take some protective actions to safeguard the system from any unethical activities. The company needs to include some data recovery plans to protect the data from getting lost due to any technical or natural disaster events. Moreover, the company has to include some authentication steps in their system so that the database is well secured to be hacked or stolen by any employee or others. Now this kind of steps can keep the information system safe by other malware activities and remain free from other technical issues as well. The responsibilities of an information system manager are as follows: Research and installing new systems. Plan, Develop and implement the ICT costing. Evaluate customer needs and system functionalities. For remote users provide a secure access network etc (White Lafayette, 2013). We should not outsource all the responsibilities because it's the matter of securing the confidential data of the vendor and the customers. But it is also true that some of the duties like researching and installing latest and the new system can be outsourced, but there needs to be an individual from the company who will keep an on such activities (Damm Gregory, 2012). It is just to make sure that the information system and the data or information is completely secure and safe for use. The company has some fundamental guidelines that need to be followed by every employee in the business and they are: The internet usage is limited, or we can say the employee can only access the company site portal nothing else. There is no restriction on using multiple computers. No mobile phones and other gadgets are allowed inside the office. No personal web pages are allowed to access etc. References Barnes, S., Hunt, B. (Eds.). (2013). E-commerce and v-business. Routledge. Damm, L., Gregory, R. F. (2012). Encountering Religion in the Workplace: The Legal Rights and Responsibilities of Workers and Employers. Stair, R., Reynolds, G. (2013). Principles of information systems. Cengage Learning. White, L. P., Lafayette, C. M. (2013). Key Characteristics of a Successful IS Manager: Empowerment, Leadership and personality. Pacific Asia Journal of the Association for Information Systems, 4(4).

Vera, Or The Nihilists monologue from the play by Oscar Wilde Essay Example For Students

Vera, Or The Nihilists monologue from the play by Oscar Wilde Essay A monologue from the play by Oscar Wilde NOTE: This monologue is reprinted from Vera, or The Nihilists. Oscar Wilde. Privately Printed, 1902. CZAR: Vera, the Nihilist in Moscow! O God, were it not better to die at once the dog\s death they plot for me than to live as I live now! Never to sleep, or, if I do, to dream such horrid dreams that hell itself were peace when matched with them. To trust none but those I have bought, to buy none worth trusting! To see a traitor in every smile, poison in every dish, a dagger in every hand! To lie awake at night, listening from hour to hour for the stealthy creeping of the murderer, for the laying of the damned mine! You are all spies! You are all spies! You worst of allyou, my own son! Which of you is it who hides these bloody proclamations under my own pillow, or at the table where I sit? Which of ye all is the Judas who betrays me? O God! O God! methinks there was a time once, in our war with England, when nothing could make me afraid. I have ridden into the crimson heart of war, and borne back an eagle which those wild islanders had taken from us. Men said I was brave then. My fa ther gave me the Iron Cross of Valour. Oh, could he see me now, with this coward\s livery ever in my cheek! I never knew any love when I was a boy. I was ruled by terror myself, how else should I rule now? But I will have revenge; I will have revenge. For every hour I have lain awake at night, waiting for the noose or the dagger, they shall pass years in Siberia, centuries in the mines! Ay! I shall have revenge. I am done with half measures. I shall crush these Nihilists at a blow. There shall not be a man of them, no, nor a woman either, left alive in Russia. Am I Emperor for nothing, that a woman should hold me at bay? Vera Sabouroff shall be in my power, I swear it, before a week is ended, though I burn my whole city to find her. She shall be flogged by the knout, stifled in the fortress, strangled in the square! For two years her hands have been clutching at my throat; for two years she has made my life a hell; but I shall have revenge. We will write a custom essay on Vera, Or The Nihilists monologue from the play by Oscar Wilde specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now

Its Rock-Solid BS (Boreal Shield) essays

Its Rock-Solid BS (Boreal Shield) essays Canada is divided into fifteen land-based ecozones. The Boreal Shield is one of them. It covers most of Ontario and parts of Manitoba, Saskatchewan and Alberta. Sudbury is on of the principal cities in the Boreal Shield. The Boreal Shield is a unique ecozone in Canada because of its dependence on mining, forestry, and Sudburys re-greening. Sudbury is known as the nickel capital of the world. This is not actually true though because Sudbury produces more copper then nickel each year. The element nickel was first discovered in 1751 (Myslik) and discovered in Sudbury in circa 1884 (Winterhalder p.24). Although more copper is being produced, Sudbury still plays a big role in the worlds supply of nickel. During 1910 1920, the INCO mines in Sudbury were producing 95% of the worlds nickel (Myslik). Presently, INCO produces one million pounds of nickel and one million pounds of copper a day (Hirvela). The process of mining in Sudbury and other parts of the Boreal Shield is a very special one. First of all, you have to find a place that is rich in minerals and other metals desired. One way precious metals can be found is using a Bird. A Bird is a device that is attached to a plane. It scans the ground below and picks up magnetic waves come from the metals underground. In Sudbury area, almost all of the mines are on the edge of the Sudbury Basin. This is because there are big cracks in the rock and this makes the mining easier. These places are also the richest in minerals and precious metals. The second part of the process is to drill and test parts of the rock for its consistency and Its Rock-Solid BS (Boreal Shield) cont. denseness to determine where to place the mineshaft, if needed. When these tests are finished, it will take several years before mining actually begins in this area. Another thing to determine is whether to use an open pit mine, or a mines...

Alcan Case Four Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Alcan Case Four - Essay Example Emergence conditions may arise any time in any organization and measures should be put in place in order to provide the employee with the best care in case of such an appraisal. The development and implementation of an emergence plan would ensure that such situations are handled well. Injuries are the inherent risks in emergence situations, and the only way to respond appropriately to emergent situation is been always prepared. Being adequately prepared requires that there is an emergence plan; proper training of personnel, making sure medical equipment is well maintained, proper and adequate means of communication, proper utilization of medical equipment, and continued education for all personnel in emergency medicine (Belmer, 2006)..This paper discuses the Alcan organization with a major focus on Organization Disaster Recovery Plan, Political Forces Influencing IT Improvements within the organization and the Change in Management Plan. Alcan Disaster Recovery Plan In cases where the re arises an earthquake, there is the need for an Emergency Plan Rehearsal. Emergence or the disaster can be defined as a crisis situation that causes wide spread damages that far exceeds our abilities to recover. The possibility of occurrence of an Emergence or disaster, place, time, and its severity of striking might be reasonably and in certain cases be accurately predicted by scientific and technological advances (Belmer, 2006). There is always a definite pattern of occurrence of emergence and thus to some extent the impact of damage can be reduced though the extent of damage itself cannot be reduced. Earthquakes are among the natural types of emergences that cause physical injury and fractures. Disaster or Emergence management refers to the action that is taken by an organization as a response to an unexpected event that is adversely affecting either resources or people, as well as threatening the normal operations of the organization. In this case, Disaster Management involves the development of the disaster recovery plan and the implementation of such a plan (Belmer, 2006). The development of the disaster recovery plan is meant to minimize the risks of the disasters and helps in handling them whenever they occur. Related techniques for disaster management include contingency management, risk management and crisis management. Emergency management, on the other hand, is a discipline that deals with avoiding risks and it entails preparing for emergence before its occurrence, emergence response such a quarantine, emergence evacuation, and mass decontamination, as well as rebuilding and supporting the societies after the occurrence of either man-made or natural disasters (Belmer, 2006). There are a number of advantages of developing an Emergency Plan Rehearsal. First, while coming up with an Emergency Plan Rehearsal, one would need to develop a disaster recovery continuity plan. The disaster recovery continuity plan will be a helpful tool in identifying area s of concern. One would have to engage with a community to help him, or her in arranging the brainstorming events, prepare checklists, interviews, questionnaires, workshops, access expert facilitators, review assumption lists, and use data from other projects. Dong this, would help assess each event on a probability scale (Belmer, 2006). Secondly,

WACC Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

WACC - Essay Example On the other hand, understating the WACC will result in overstatement of future cash flows and net present value, causing a negative net present value project to be accepted. If the project is a financing project, meaning that the cash flow at time 0 is positive and the cash flows in future periods are negative, overstating the WACC will result in understatement of future cash flows and overstatement of net present value, causing a negative net present value project to be accepted. On the other hand, understating the WACC will result in overstatement of future cash flows and understatement of net present value, causing a positive net present value project to be rejected. In the discounted payback period approach, WACC is used as the discount rate for deriving the present value of future cash flows if the investment is financed by both debt and equity. The investment is accepted if payback period of the investment is less than the cutoff time. Overstating the WACC will result in understatement of future cash flows and overstatement of payback period, causing a project that pay backs within the target payback period to be rejected. On the other hand, understating the WACC will result in overstatement of future cash flows and understatement of payback period, causing a project that pays back after the target payback period to be accepted. In the internal rate of return approach, WACC is used as the hurdle rate for deciding whether to accept the project. If the project is an investment project, the project is accepted if the internal rate of return exceeds WACC. If the project is a financing project, the project is accepted if the internal rate of return is smaller than WACC. If the project is an investment project, overstating the WACC will result in the internal rate of return smaller than the WACC and an acceptable project to be rejected. On the other hand, understating the WACC will result in the internal rate of return greater than the WACC and an unacceptable project to be accepted. If the project is a financing project, overstating the WACC will result in the internal rate of return smaller than the WACC and an unacceptable project to be accepted. On the other hand, understating the WACC will result in the internal rate of return greater than the WACC and an acceptable project to be rejected. In the profitability index approach, WACC is used as the discount rate for deriving the present value of future cash flows if the investment is financed by both debt and equity. The investment is accepted if ratio of the present value of the future cash flows divided by the amount of investment is greater than 1. Overstating profitability index, causing an acceptable investment to be rejected.

Diabetes type 2 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Diabetes type 2 - Assignment Example This paper briefly explains type 2 Diabetics, its, causes, symptoms, consequences and possible treatments. â€Å"Every day, more than 4,000 adults are diagnosed with diabetes and about 200 people die from the disease, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention† (Payne, 2009). Millions of people across the world are currently suffering from type 2 Diabetics. Many people are unaware that they are at high risk of this disease. National Diabetes Statistics, (2007) shows that in adults, type 2 diabetes accounts for about 90 to 95 percent of all diagnosed cases of diabetes and moreover the Total costs of treating type 2 diabetics patients in America is around $174 billion in 2007 which include the direct cost of $116 billion (National Diabetes Statistics, 2007) From the above chart it is clear that most of the type 2 diabetics patients are currently undergoing treatments either in the form of insulin, oral medication or both insulin and oral medications. Obesity, family history of diabetes, lack of physical activities, peculiarities of race/ethnicity etc are some of the major reasons for type 2 diabetics. Even though type 2 diabetics can affect any people irrespective age, culture or ethnicity, African Americans, Hispanic/Latino Americans, American Indians, and some Asian Americans and Native Hawaiians or other Pacific Islanders are found to be more vulnerable to this disease. National Diabetes Statistics, (2007) has pointed out that type 2 diabetics were earlier mentioned as non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) or adult-onset diabetics (National Diabetes Statistics, 2007). Diabetics in general are a group of disease which is resulted from the malfunctioning of insulin production, usage or both. Type 2 diabetics are a disease which occurred when the body resists the effects of insulin produces less insulin than required to maintain the glucose level.

Cache Memory Plays A Lead Role Information Technology Essay

Cache Memory Plays A Lead Role Information Technology Essay Answer: Cache (prominent and pronounced as cash) memory is enormously and extremely fast memory that is built into a computers central processing unit (CPU) or located next to it on a separate chip. The CPU uses cache memory to store instructions that are repeatedly required to run programs, improving overall system speed. It helps CPU to accessing for frequently or recently accessed data. C:UsersraushanPicturespage36-1.jpg References: http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-cache-memory.htm Reason for Cache Memory: There are various reasons for using Cache in the computer some of the reason is mentioning following. The RAM is comparatively very slow as compared to System CPU and it is also far from the CPU (connected through Bus), so there is need to add another small size memory which is very near to the CPU and also very fast so that the CPU will not remain in deadlock mode while it waiting resources from main memory. this memory is known as Cache memory. This is also a RAM but is very high speed as compare to Primary memory i.e. RAM. In Speed CPU works in femto or nano seconds the distance also plays a major role in case of performance. Cache memory is designed to supply the CPU with the most frequently requested data and instructions. Because retrieving data from cache takes a fraction of the time that it takes to access it from main memory, having cache memory can save a lot of time. Whenever we work on more than one application. This cache memory is use to keep control and locate the running application within fraction of nano seconds. It enhances performance capability of the system. Cache memory directly communicates with the processor. It is used preventing mismatch between processor and memory while switching from one application two another instantaneously whenever needed by user. It keeps track of all currently working applications and their currently used resources. For example, a web browser stores newly visited web pages in a cache directory, so that we can return promptly to the page without requesting it from the original server. When we strike the Reload button, browser compares the cached page with the current page out on the network, and updates our local version if required. References: 1. http://www.kingston.com/tools/umg/umg03.asp 2. http://www.kingston.com/frroot/tools/umg/umg03.asp 3. http://ask.yahoo.com/19990329.html How Cache Works? Answer: The cache is programmed (in hardware) to hold recently-accessed memory locations in case they are needed again. So, each of these instructions will be saved in the cache after being loaded from memory the first time. The next time the processor wants to use the same instruction, it will check the cache first, see that the instruction it needs is there, and load it from cache instead of going to the slower system RAM. The number of instructions that can be buffered this way is a function of the size and design of the cache. The details of how cache memory works vary depending on the different cache controllers and processors, so I wont describe the exact details. In general, though, cache memory works by attempting to predict which memory the processor is going to need next, and loading that memory before the processor needs it, and saving the results after the processor is done with it. Whenever the byte at a given memory address is needed to be read, the processor attempts to get the data from the cache memory. If the cache doesnt have that data, the processor is halted while it is loaded from main memory into the cache. At that time memory around the required data is also loaded into the cache. When data is loaded from main memory to the cache, it will have to replace something that is already in the cache. So, when this happens, the cache determines if the memory that is going to be replaced has changed. If it has, it first saves the changes to main memory, and then loads the new data. The cache sys tem doesnt worry about data structures at all, but rather whether a given address in main memory is in the cache or not. In fact, if you are familiar with virtual memory where the hard drive is used to make it appear like a computer has more RAM than it really does, the cache memory is similar. Lets take a library as an example o how caching works. Imagine a large library but with only one librarian (the standard one CPU setup). The first person comes into the library and asks for A CSA book (By IRV Englander). The librarian goes off follows the path to the bookshelves (Memory Bus) retrieves the book and gives it to the person. The book is returned to the library once its finished with. Now without cache the book would be returned to the shelf. When the next person arrives and asks for CSA book (By IRV Englander), the same process happens and takes the same amount of time. Cache memory is like a hot list of instructions needed by the CPU. The memory manager saves in cache each instruction the CPU needs; each time the CPU gets an instruction it needs from cache that instruction moves to the top of the hot list. When cache is filled and the CPU calls for a new instruction, the system overwrites the data in cache that hasnt been used for the longest period of time. This way, the high priority information thats used continuously stays in cache, while the less frequently used information drops out after an Interval. Its similar to when u access a program frequently the program is listed on the start menu here need not have to find the program from the list on all programs u simply open the start menu and click on the program listed there, doesnt this saves Your time. Working of cache Pentium 4: Pentium 4: L1 cache (8k bytes, 64 byte lines, Four ways set associative) L2 cache (256k,128 byte lines,8 way set associative) References: http://computer.howstuffworks.com/cache.htm http://www.kingston.com/tools/umg/umg03.asp http://www.zak.ict.pwr.wroc.pl/nikodem/ak_materialy/Cache%20organization%20by%20Stallings.pdf Levels of Cache Level 1 Cache (L1): The Level 1 cache, or primary cache, is on the CPU and is used for temporary storage of instructions and data organised in blocks of 32 bytes. Primary cache is the fastest form of storage. Because its built in to the chip with a zero wait-state (delay) interface to the processors execution unit, it is limited in size. Level 1 cache is implemented using Static RAM (SRAM) and until recently was traditionally 16KB in size. SRAM uses two transistors per bit and can hold data without external assistance, for as long as power is supplied to the circuit. The second transistor controls the output of the first: a circuit known as a flip-flop so-called because it has two stable states which it can flip between. This is contrasted to dynamic RAM (DRAM), which must be refreshed many times per second in order to hold its data contents. Intels P55 MMX processor, launched at the start of 1997, was noteworthy for the increase in size of its Level 1 cache to 32KB. The AMD K6 and Cyrix M2 chips launched later that year upped the ante further by providing Level 1 caches of 64KB. 64Kb has remained the standard L1 cache size, though various multiple-core processors may utilise it differently. For all L1 cache designs the control logic of the primary cache keeps the most frequently used data and code in the cache and updates external memory only when the CPU hands over control to other bus masters, or during direct memory access by peripherals such as optical drives and sound cards. http://www.pctechguide.com/14Memory_L1_cache.htm ever_s1 Level 2 Cache (L2): Most PCs are offered with a Level 2 cache to bridge the processor/memory performance gap. Level 2 cache also referred to as secondary cache) uses the same control logic as Level 1 cache and is also implemented in SRAM. Level 2 caches typically comes in two sizes, 256KB or 512KB, and can be found, or soldered onto the motherboard, in a Card Edge Low Profile (CELP) socket or, more recently, on a COAST module. The latter resembles a SIMM but is a little shorter and plugs into a COAST socket, which is normally located close to the processor and resembles a PCI expansion slot. The aim of the Level 2 cache is to supply stored information to the processor without any delay (wait-state). For this purpose, the bus interface of the processor has a special transfer protocol called burst mode. A burst cycle consists of four data transfers where only the addresses of the first 64 are output on the address bus. The most common Level 2 cache is synchronous pipeline burst. To have a synchronous cache a chipset, such as Triton, is required to support it. It can provide a 3-5% increase in PC performance because it is timed to a clock cycle. This is achieved by use of specialised SRAM technology which has been develo ped to allow zero wait-state access for consecutive burst read cycles. There is also asynchronous cache, which is cheaper and slower because it isnt timed to a clock cycle. With asynchronous SRAM, available in speeds between 12 and 20ns, (http://www.pctechguide.com/14Memory_L2_cache.htm) 976 http://www.karbosguide.com/books/pcarchitecture/images/976.png (picture) L3 cache Level 3 cache is something of a luxury item. Often only high end workstations and servers need L3 cache. Currently for consumers only the Pentium 4 Extreme Edition even features L3 cache. L3 has been both on-die, meaning part of the CPU or external meaning mounted near the CPU on the motherboard. It comes in many sizes and speeds. The point of cache is to keep the processor pipeline fed with data. CPU cores are typically the fastest part in the computer. As a result cache is used to pre-read or store frequently used instructions and data for quick access. Cache acts as a high speed buffer memory to more quickly provide the CPU with data. So, the concept of CPU cache leveling is one of performance optimization for the processor. http://www.extremetech.com/article2/0,2845,1517372,00.asp The image below shows the complete cache hierarchy of the Shanghai processor. Barcelona also has a similar hierarchy except that it only has 2MB of L3 cache. L3_Cache_Architecture http://developer.amd.com/PublishingImages/L3_Cache_Architecture.jpg (picture) Cache Memory Organisation In a modern microprocessor several caches are found. They not only vary in size and functionality, but also their internal organization is typically different across the caches. Instruction Cache The instruction cache is used to store instructions. This helps to reduce the cost of going to memory to fetch instructions. The instruction cache regularly holds several other things, like branch prediction information. In certain cases, this cache can even perform some limited operation(s). The instruction cache on UltraSPARC, for example, also pre-decodes the incoming instruction. Data Cache A data cache is a fast buffer that contains the application data. Before the processor can operate on the data, it must be loaded from memory into the data cache. The element needed is then loaded from the cache line into a register and the instruction using this value can operate on it. The resultant value of the instruction is also stored in a register. The register contents are then stored back into the data cache. Eventually the cache line that this element is part of is copied back into the main memory. In some cases, the cache can be bypassed and data is stored into the registers directly. TLB Cache Translating a virtual page address to a valid physical address is rather costly. The TLB is a cache to store these translated addresses. Each entry in the TLB maps to an entire virtual memory page. The CPU can only operate on data and instructions that are mapped into the TLB. If this mapping is not present, the system has to re-create it, which is a relatively costly operation. The larger a page, the more effective capacity the TLB has. If an application does not make good use of the TLB (for example, random memory access) increasing the size of the page can be beneficial for performance, allowing for a bigger part of the address space to be mapped into the TLB. Some microprocessors, including UltraSPARC, implement two TLBs. One for pages containing instructions (I-TLB) and one for data pages (D-TLB). An Example of a typical cache organization is shown below: Cache Memory Principles à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Small amount of fast memory à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Placed between the processor and main memory à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Located either on the processor chip or on a separate module Cache Operation Overview Processor requests the contents of some memory location The cache is checked for the requested data If found, the requested word is delivered to the processor If not found, a block of main memory is first read into the cache, then therequested word is delivered to the processor When a block of data is fetched into the cache to satisfy a single memory reference, it is likely that there will be future references to that same memory location or to other words in the block locality or reference rule. Each block has a tag added to recognize it. Mapping Function An algorithm is needed to map main memory blocks into cache lines. A method is needed to determine which main memory block occupies a cache line. There are three techniques used: Direct Fully Associative Set Associative Direct Mapping: Direct mapped is a simple and efficient organization. The (virtual or physical) memory address of the incoming cache line controls which cache location is going to be used. Implementing this organization is straightforward and is relatively easy to make it scale with the processor clock. In a direct mapped organization, the replacement policy is built-in because cache line replacement is controlled by the (virtual or physical) memory address. Direct mapping assigned each memory block to a specific line in the cache. If a line is all ready taken up by a memory block when a new block needs to be loaded, the old block is trashed. The figure below shows how multiple blocks are mapped to the same line in the cache. This line is the only line that each of these blocks can be sent to. In the case of this figure, there are 8 bits in the block identification portion of the memory address. Consider a simple example-a 4-kilobyte cache with a line size of 32 bytes direct mapped on virtual addresses. Thus each load/store to cache moves 32 bytes. If one variable of type float takes 4 bytes on our system, each cache line will hold eight (32/4=8) such variables. http://csciwww.etsu.edu/tarnoff/labs4717/x86_sim/images/direct.gif The address for this broken down something like the following: Tag 8 bits identifying line in cache word id bits Direct mapping is simple and inexpensive to implement, but if a program accesses 2 blocks that map to the same line repeatedly, the cache begins to thrash back and forth reloading the line over and over again meaning misses are very high. Fully Associative: The fully associative cache design solves the potential problem of thrashing with a direct-mapped cache. The replacement policy is no longer a function of the memory address, but considers usage instead. With this design, typically the oldest cache line is evicted from the cache. This policy is called least recently used (LRU). In the previous example, LRU prevents the cache lines of a and b from being moved out prematurely. The downside of a fully associative design is cost. Additional logic is required to track usage of lines. The larger the cache size, the higher the cost. Therefore, it is difficult to scale this technology to very large (data) caches. Luckily, a good alternative exists. The address is broken into two parts: a tag used to identify which block is stored in which line of the cache (s bits) and a fixed number of LSB bits identifying the word within the blocks.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Tag  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   word id bits Set Associative: Set associative addresses the problem of possible thrashing in the direct mapping method. It does this by saying that instead of having exactly one line that a block can map to in the cache, we will group a few lines together creating a set. Then a block in memory can map to any one of the lines of a specific set. There is still only one set that the block can map to.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Tag  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   word id bits

Heideggers Reading of Descartes Dualism Essay -- Dualism Essays

Heidegger's Reading of Descartes' Dualism ABSTRACT: The problem of traditional epistemology is the relation of subject to external world. The distinction between subject and object makes possible the distinction between the knower and what is known. Starting with Descartes, the subject is a thinking thing that is not extended, and the object is an extended thing which does not think. Heidegger rejects this distinction between subject and object by arguing that there is no subject distinct from the external world of things because Dasein is essentially Being-in-the-world. Heidegger challenges the Cartesian legacy in epistemology in two ways. First, there is the modern tendency toward subjectivism and individualism that started with Descartes' discovery of the 'cogito.' Second, there is the technological orientation of the modern world that originated in the Cartesian understanding of the mathematical and external physical world. Descartes stands at the beginning of modern philosophy and Heidegger accepts Descartes' role in the history of metaphysics. Descartes is the first thinker who discovers the "cogito sum" as an indubitable and the most certain foundation and thereby liberates philosophy from theology. He is the first subjectivistic thinker in the modern philosophy and he grounds his subjectivity on his epistemology. The orientation of the philosophical problems with Descartes starts from the "ego" (the "subject") because in the modern philosophy the "subject" is given to the knower first and as the only certain thing, i.e., the only "subject" is accessible immediately and certainly. For Descartes, the "subject" (the "ego", the "I", "res cogitans") is something that thinks, i.e., something that represents, perceive... ...icture", The Question of Technology and Other Essays. Trans. by William Levitt. (New York: Harper and Row Pub., 1977.), 127. (27) Bernard Charles Flynn, "Descartes and the Ontology of Subjectivity", Man and World, (Vol. 16, No: 1, 1983), 10. (28) Ibid., 10. (29) Ibid., 14. (30) Ibid., 14. (31) C. D. Keyes, "An Evaluation of Levinas: Critique of Heidegger" Research in Phenomenology. (Vol. II, PP 121-142, 1972), 131 and Martin Heidegger, Being and Time 46. (32) Ibid., 131. (33) Martin Heidegger, Basic Problems of Phenomenology, 119. (34) John Richardson, Existential Epistemology: A Heideggerian Critique of Descartes Project, (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1986), 91. (35) Aristotle, Physics Book IV The Basic Works of Aristotle. Ed. and Intr. by Richard McKeon. (New York: Random House, 1941.), 219b. (36) Martin Heidegger, Being and Time , 376.

General Zaroff Character Analysis Essay Essay

General Zaroff, one of the main characters in The Most Dangerous Game, was introduced to readers towards the middle of the book and is the antagonist throughout this short story. General Zaroff displays a love for hunting, an unstable and unremorseful mind, and also displays arrogance and cockiness. These three character traits are supported by his actions and words throughout the short story. General Zaroff displays a very passionate love for hunting, which allowed Rainsford and Zaroff to relate to each other fast right when they met each other. When General Zaroff land Rainsford sit down to talk and have a meal General Zaroff says, â€Å"Be a realist. The world is made up of two classes–the hunters and the huntees. Luckily, you and I are hunters.†(pg.21) This quote shows that general Zaroff doesn’t view hunting as just a sport, but as a direct correlation to life. This quote shows that General Zaroff has a passion and love for hunting animals of all sorts. Also, during General Zaroffs conversation with Raisnford he states, â€Å"I killed my first bear in the Caucasus when I was ten.†(pg.23) This quote shows that the generals love for hunting sprouted when he was just a young boy, and has been passion ever since. General Zaroff constantly shows throughout, whether it is in what he says, or the actions he portrays, that he has a very unstable mind and is somewhat of a psycho. For example, towards the end of the lengthy conversation between General Zaroff and Rainsford, General Zaroff says, â€Å"I hunt the scum of the earth- sailors from tramp ships, lascars, blacks, chinese, and mongrels.† (pg. 26) This quote shows that General Zaroff thinks of murder as a game and has no remorse in killing humans of any type. This quote also reveals that â€Å"hunting† and killing humans is a hobby for General Zaroff and is taken very lightly by him. Also, during their conversation General Zaroff stated, â€Å"This is why I use them. It gives me pleasure. They can reason, after a fashion.† (pg.26) When reading this quote it should bring chills to you because of the way general Zaroff talks about other humans. He refers to them along the lines of animals that he is hunting, therefore taking the lives of humans doesn’t bother him what so ever. He also says at the end of the quote that killing humans brings pleasure to him, which breaks almost every morale code of society. Genral Zoroff shows throughout the book that he is very arrogant and cocky, whether it is through his actions or through his words. During the conversation between the General and Rainsford, General Rainsford states, â€Å"I have hunted every kind of game in every land. It would be impossible for me to tell you how many animals I have killed.† (pg. 23) Analyzing this quote you can see that general Zaroff has been all over the world and has hunted every type of animal, but the way he comes across is very arrogant and cocky. A little later on in the same conversation General Zaroff says, â€Å"Life is for the strong, to be lived by the strong, and if need be, taken by the strong. The weak of the world were put here to give the strong pleasure. I am strong. (pg. 26) The arrogance in this quote is overwhelming and is a prime example of showing just how cocky General Zaroff is. It also shows that he sees himself higher up than most people and is better and stronger than everyone else in every way. Throughout the short story, The Most Dangerous Game, General Zaroff portrays the part of a psychotic killer who loves to hunt and has lots of arrogance not only when he speaks but through his actions as well. General Zaroff thinks he is the best hunter to ever walk on the earth, but is proven no match for Rainsford who beats Zaroff at his own game. Even though the book doesn’t exactly tell the ending it hints to the fact that Raisnford killed the psychotic General Zaroff.

Every Text Has Its Use By Date Essay

I think the idea of every text having a use by date is incorrect and I will therefore argue against the topic. There are a few things which can help to keep texts from ever having their use by date and as a result proving my argument. For example, texts, such as Macbeth, can always be changed slightly and interpreted differently to make them interesting time and time again, for old and new audiences. Also, just because a text was written a long period of time ago doesn’t mean that it still won’t be interesting, as the events and themes in it can still be relevant to the current time and its happenings. One of the main reasons that proves that texts don’t have a use by date is the fact that an older text can involve events or ideas that are relevant to modern audiences’ daily lives. Some of the ideas explored in Macbeth are ambition, guilt, greed, cruelty, hostilities between good and evil, the rule of leader, the purpose of human existence and supernatural happenings. These all tie in with peoples every day life. For example, ambition was a major factor in Macbeth and plays an important role in practically everyone’s daily life. In Macbeth it was ambition that drove Macbeth to commit the acts that he did and in modern times business is becoming more and more competitive in today’s society so as a result ambition, and its destructive nature, becomes more of an issue. Also, the idea of hostilities between good and evil, order and disorder and the rule of a leader, which are major components of Macbeth, are relevant to the military action in the Iraq War which has affected a lot of the world. These and other ideas interest people from all time periods as some, if not all, of these ideas will affect them. Another main reason that shows a text doesn’t have a use by date is the fact that they can always be appropriated. Appropriation is when something old is turned into something new. In this case it would be taking an old text and changing it to suit a modern audience, usually by making a film version. For example, in one instance the Shakespearean text â€Å"Romeo and Juliet† was turned into a movie that used only the plot of the original text and used  the settings of modern life and a modern script which allowed the audience to relate to more to the film. This is a perfect example of the fact that a text which is hundreds of years old can still be entertaining. When a movie is appropriated it can appeal to a wider audience, as not everyone likes or understands the style of writing used to write the original text. If texts are appropriated in this way they will continue to entertain audiences and as a result, never end up having a use by date. A film version of an older text, especially a Shakespearean one, can be very effective in delivering the original to text to a wider audience. A film version makes the text easier for the audience to understand as it provides visual images to help them realize what’s actually going on and what the characters are saying, as a lot of people wouldn’t fully understand what was being said when the old English style of writing, that Shakespeare uses, is used. New interpretations also help to keep texts and their film versions interesting to new audiences and audiences that have seen it before. In Polanski’s version of Macbeth Polanski decided to add a scene, which wasn’t in the original text, into the movie. He also changed the way things happened in some of the scenes, for example, when Macbeth returns to the witches, instead of the apparitions appearing he sees completely different visions that give him warnings and predictions. Another reason to further show that texts don’t have a use by date is the point that just because a text is old doesn’t mean it’s not entertaining or interesting to modern readers. Texts such as Macbeth and many other of Shakespeare’s plays are still regarded as some of the best plays ever written even though they were written hundreds of years ago. In some cases, audiences may find these texts interesting and entertaining because they’re written in an old style of English which is no longer used. When this is the case it clearly shows that the idea of texts having a use by date as incorrect. In conclusion, I think that the points presented sufficiently prove that well written texts do not have a use by date. If a text is well written it will continue to be valued no matter how old it is. Especially due to the fact that, just because a text is old doesn’t mean it’s no longer interesting to modern audiences.

Wage Gap Between China an Us Essays

Wage Gap Between China an Us Essays Wage Gap Between China an Us Essay Wage Gap Between China an Us Essay The importance of international trade increased dramatically for the US as well as China. The ratio of the sum of exports and imports to GDP approximately doubled from the early 1970s to the mid 2000s for the US. And there is a striking feature that China was involved in about 7% percent of world trade by the mid-2000s. There is no doubt that the international trade have influenced the wage level around the world. Do wages equalize between US and China? It is the most remarkable conclusion of the Heckscher-Olin theory that trade can equalize the price of each factor of production across countries. Nevertheless, the long-term effect didn’t complete in the real world, especially in China. On majoy trend has been a rising gap between the wages of china and US. For instance, from 2000 to the year of 2009, the average wage of Chinese to that of American decreased about %. In 1970, the two countries Per capita wage level difference for 4965 dollars. On the contrary, in 1980 it turned to be 11976 dollars, 1990 for 22885 dollars. And in year of 2000, it achieved 34166 dollars. Then there was a gradual increase in mid 2000s. And by 2010, the average wage of China is only about 6% of the minimum wage standard of US. All these data clearly prove the fact that the wage gap between China and US have increased for several years. Workers remittances and compensation of employees, paid ($ millions) | |2000 |2001 |2002 |2003 |2004 |2005 | |United States |26. 2% |30. 5% |8. 2% |0. 7% |17. 0% |8. 9% | As shown in Figure5. , China is relatively abundant in less-skilled and medium-skilled labor, and it is relatively scarce in physical capital, forest land, highly skilled labor, and arable land. But not all of China’s international trade is consistent with the Heckscher-Olin theory. The theory predicts that China will be a net importer of skilled-labor-intensive manufactured products like industrial machinery, electronic microcircuits and scientific equipment. Secondly, the theory predicts that China will be a net exporter of less-skilled-labor-intensive products like clothing, footwear, and toys. Global specialization has led to a so-called â€Å"skill-biased† trade pattern, thus there is a preference for skilled labor, which result in enlarge the wage gap between China and US. From the perspective of developed countries open up to trade with developing countries, the Heckscher-Ohlin model makes a sharp prediction. When considering about the relationship between trade and wages, we suppose that the two factors of production are skilled and unskilled labor, which Instead of capital and labor. For simplificity: Two countries: China and US Two factors: skilled and unskilled labor. China possesses a relative abundance of unskilled labor. Two goods: Skilled and unskilled labor intensive goods. H-O diagram: C. Chinese labor is undervalued One of the reasons for America and some other countries denied Chinese’ complete market economic system is that the price of labor is decided by the company rather than the market. As we known, generally, the price of labor is determined by the supply and demand in the labor market. Some economist believe that since China is abundant in labor, especially when the millions of country labor inburst into the city, the supply of labor is obviously greater than demand, keeping wage in a low level. As a result, most of the workers are in the disadvantage situation. The competition for labors is so fierce that they have to suffer the low salary in order to get the job. What’s more, since a great number of Chinese workers hold few knowledge and skill and they don’t know how to grasp their benefit and protect themselves in the labor market. As a result they have to submit to the company for living. And they have to live in a very miserable condition. One reason should be highlight is the Chinese labor union’s limited power in fighting for the labors’ benefit. Since it is less developed, we are rarely seeing what the labor union take measures today. While before it took more responsibility to deliver the Party’s policy to labors. In another aspect, all of the companies are aimed at the maximium profit, trying their best to cut costs and reduce wages. The companies are more powerful in the labor market, so the wage is decided mainly by them. In conclusion, because of the relationship in demand and supply in Chinese market, the labors’ competency, the labor union’s situation and the purpose for the company, Chinese labor has been undervalued. And this is a reason for the generation of Chinese and American wage gap. D. Technological Progress Also as we get the conclusion from the case in our book, technological progress plays an important role in increasing the wage gap between Chinese labors and American labors. The first aspect is that with the development of technology the cost and prices of some skill-intensive products decline, and the quality of these products is improved, demand for the products increases. As demand shifts toward skill-intensive products and their production increases, the demand for skilled labor expands, increasing the relative wage of skilled labor. The second aspect is the technological progress that has occurred within individual industries appears to be biased in favor of using more skilled labor. Referring to the two perspectives mentioned above, although China has been experiencing technology progress, the growth rate of it still can’t match to that of America. So the rising speed of wages in China is lower than in US, thus enlarge the gap between Chinese labors and American labors. Secondly, it is obvious that the application of technology is more widely used in US than China, so the demand of skill-intensive products of Americans is much more than Chinese. In that way, the market needs more skilled workers, resulting the salary of them increases more rapidly than that of China. E. The Deterioration of China’s Terms of Trade China ha carried out the strategy of comparative advantage in foreign trades all long, and has had great achievement on that, but bad effects also appeared such as the exacerbation of terms of trade. Another reason may be that China is an important exporter of many goods, who can influence the world price. Since China keep putting more emphasis on export and producing more and more goods for the whole world, so that the world price will fall. With a lower price and less profit, the workers’ wage may not increase or even decrease. Summary Theoretically, factor endowments theory did not consider product differences and the assumptions of the SS theorem didn’t realize. The difference of the wage levels between china and us is still huge, but china’s wage growth rate are also increase obviously. We hope that China can gradually reduce the wage gap. Although the factor price equalize theorem didn’t complete in the wage gap between China and US. However, the direction of the long run effect is likely to hold in the rest of the world. An real-world example of the tendency toward equalization is the rise in real wage in the industrializing countries of Asia( such as Singapore and South Korea) as these countries have strongly integrated themselves into world trade. Group members: Relative Factor –price Equalization: H-O-S Theorem

Arguemenitive and analytic style essay proving Aristotle's theory

Arguemenitive and analytic style proving Aristotle's theory regarding the body and soul - Essay Example From these studies I can well analyze that there are assumptions that these theorists have undertaken while determining the concept of the body and the soul. For example, the theorists who had earlier declared that the body and the soul are not dependent on each other might not have realized the inner connections between them while concluding their reflections. According to Aristotle, the soul is the basis for the structure of the human body. Thus any gap between the soul and the body was not accepted as part of his theory. Other views in regard to affecting the growth and development of the body without the soul were irreconcilable in their own respects. (Bos, 6-9). I second to Aristotle’s understandings as his studies clearly present an association of the body and the soul. Here it would be appropriate to mention that a body without its inner responses and features would not reflect any behavior or nature for its representation to the world. Thus its connection and dependency on the soul makes precise sense to the active presentation of its emotions and feelings which in turn is utilized by the soul as well. There are other views to the concerned topic as well. Theories as presented by Plato were based on dualism that ignored the existence of the soul and determined that the human body had no dependence on the soul. Thus according to Plato, the soul was immortal; a view that was completely against the view of Aristotle (Pelosi, 3-4). I can analyze at this point that theorists like Plato might have made assumptions based on the external features of a human body and did not consider the inner associations without which a body does not present life. This, to me, reflects the need for further research and analyze that has been successfully assessed and presented by Aristotle. Aristotle focused on fundamental facts of biology, and integrated his thoughts of philosophy, as well as analyzed his predecessors and concluded on

The Origins of the Urban Crisis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Origins of the Urban Crisis - Essay Example The term, 'American Dream' was coined by James Adams, in his book, 'The Epics of America' and the American Dream is the very pulse of the country, as signified by the personified Statue of Liberty. The American Dream, as envisaged by the early Americans, is the utopian condition of living in pursuit of liberty, happiness and luxury. It lays down that one must work hard and persevere, in order to live in comfort and happiness. Early immigrants to America were attracted by the fact that they could now live in a country, where there would not exist any forcible acquisition of land or impoverished conditions. They felt that this new land upheld their hopes of working hard and earning their due, providing opportunity to grow and live in absolute harmony and comfort. The American Dream grew in its dimensions during the Industrial Revolution, which enabled the increment in production and provided opportunities to labor and earn money. This, in turn, increased the Standard of Living in America, which furthered the dream. The Dream reached its pinnacle in the 19th century, when people shifted base to America, to try their fortunes and truly live a cherished life of luxury, liberty and happiness. Thus, the American Dream is a vision that propelled the forefather and early immigrants of America to work harder, live successfully and comfortably and enjoy the very essence of life. Change in the American Dream The forefathers of the American nation, who envisaged and coined the term, the American Dream envisioned a hard working and prosperous nation, rising above the rest of the world. The aim of the American Dream was to realize the ideals that it put forth. The ideals of liberty, luxury, comfort, perseverance and happiness were the most striking of them all. America did progress in this direction, winning one ideal after the other. The 19th century led to the glorious success of the envisaged dream. However, things gradually began to change and change towards slow declination. The urge to rule the world began to replace the passion to live successfully, which brought about a major shift in the process of contemplation. This brought about the frenzy of achieving military superiority, above the improvisation of the country's progress in other spheres. The World War II brought about a great shift in the American Dream and its very concepts and ideals. The participation of neutral America in the World War II was a betrayal of the hopes of the millions of Americans, who had previously endured the Depression and the World War I. The result of the World War II led to the supremacy of the United States of America, which began to don the role of the dominant industrial nation of the world. Detroit was one of the fast growing industrial cities of America, thanks to Ford, who developed the dream